Ancient Egypt. Time and Gods
https://doi.org/10.28995/2658-4158-2019-4-35-50
Abstract
The temporal studies of such an archaic culture as ancient Egyptian, with a general increase in the number of publications on this topic, could be characterized by very poorly developed main problematic topics. The Egyptologist has a considerable body of textual and graphic materials at his disposal that are associated with the representation of time, directly or indirectly, however, the vast majority of studies in this area do not go beyond the concept of the ancient Egyptians having two types of time – cyclic and linear. Moreover, a large number of words-terms to denote different types of time suggests that they could be characterized by semantic fields, related to both the level of psychophysiology and the level of cultural understanding, which are completely different from each other (and sometimes unexpected for a modern person). The paper discusses how and to what extent these terms could characterize the “personal” qualities of various Egyptian gods and the sacred sphere as a whole. The author also for the first time formulate J. Assman’s conception of constellation, used by him for for dt and nhh relations in relation to other types of Egyptian time.
About the Author
D. V. Vanyukova
The State Museum of Oriental Art
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Darya V. Vanyukova, Cand. of Sci. (Art Studies)
Moscow, 119019, 12a Nikitskiy Boulevard
References
1. Assmann, J. (1999). Egipet: teologiia i blagochestie rannei tsivilizatsii [Egypt: the Theology and Piety of an Early Civilization]. Moskwa: Pristsel‘s.
2. Assmann, J. (2012). “Sternzeit und Steinzeit: Altägyptische Zeitvorstellungen” in Was ist die Zeit? S. 69–78. München: Wilhelm Fink.
3. Berlev, O.D., Hojash, S.I. (2004). Skulptura Drevnego Egipta v sobranii Gosudarstvennogo museya izobrzitelnih iskusstv imeni A.S. Pushkina [Sculpture of Ancient Egypt in the collection of the Pushkin state museum of fine arts]. Moskva: Vostochnaya literature.
4. Chegodaev, M.A. (2014). Vremya prekrasnoe otcov nashikh. Fenomen arkhaizacii v iskusstve Drevnego Egipta [Beautiful time of our fathers. The archaization phenomenon in ancient Egyptian art], in Original i povtorenie. Podlinnik, replica, imitaciya v iskusstve Vostoka [Original and copy: original works of art, its copies and replica in the art of the East]. Moskva: GII.
5. Vanyukova, D.V. (2016). Zaupokoynie kompleksi Amenemheta I i Senuserta I: dialog s proshlim [Amenemhat I’s and Senwosret I’s pyramid complexes: dialog with the past], in Voprosi vseobshei istorii arhitecturi [Questions of the History of World Architecture] № 2 (7). Moskva: NIITIAG.
6. Gardiner, A., Sethe, K. (1928).Egyptian letters to the dead mainly from the Old and Middle Kingdoms. L.: Egypt Exploration Society.
7. Levi-Stros (1999). Mifologiki [Myphologiques]. T. I: Syroye I prigotovlennoye [Vol. I: The Raw and the Cooked]. Moskva, Sankt-Peterburg: Universitetskaya kniga.
8. Alexandrova, E.A. Slovo, tvoryashee Kosmos [The Word creating the Universe]. In print.
9. Lotman U.M. (1992). Izbranniye statii [Selected Works]. Tom I: Statii po semiotike I tipologii kulturi [Vol. I: Works on semiotics and typology of culture]. Tallin: Aleksandra.
10. Vanyukova, D.V. (2009). Vremia “haw” v drevneegipetskoi culture: k postanovke problemy [The Term “Haw” in Ancient Egyptian Culture: Statement of a Problem], in Peterburgskie egiptologicheskie chteniya 2007–2008. Trudi Gosudarstvennogo Ermitaga. XLV [St. Petersburg egyptological readings 2007–2008. Transactions of the State Hermitage. XLV]. Sankt-Peterburg: Izdatel’stvo Gosudarstvennogo Ermitaga, pp. 40–50.
11. Assman, J. Cultural memory and the Myth of Axial Age // Bellah, R.N., Joas, H.(hg.). The Axial Age and its consequences, Cambridge; L.: Harvard University Press, 2012. 366-407.
12. Lotman, U.M. (1992). Pamyat’ v kulturologicheskom osveshenii [Memory in its culturologycal aspect], in Izbranniye statii [Selected works]. Tom I. Tallin: Aleksandra.
13. Time and Space at Issue in Ancient Egypt / Ed. by Gaëlle Chantrain & Jean Winand. Hamburg: Vidmaier Verlag, 2018.
14. Dunand F., Zhivie-Coche C. (2004). Gods and men in Egypt: 3000 BCE to 395 CE. New York: Cornell University Press.
15. Hornung E. (1996). Conceptions of God in Ancient Egypt: the One and the Many. Ithaca. New York: Cornell University Press.
16. Čegodaev, M.A. (2002), “Kniga Nebesnoj Korovy. (Mif ob istreblenii lûdej)” [“The Book of a Heavenly Cow. (The Myth of Destruction of Mankind)”], in Istoriâ Drevnego Vostoka. Teksty i dokumenty [The History of the Ancient East. Texts and Documents], pp. 110–116. Moskwa: Vysšaâ škola.
17. Mat’e M.E. (1996). “Kniga poznaniia tvorenii Ra” [The Book of knowing the Creations of Re], in Izbrannye trudy po mifologii i ideologii drevnego Egipta [Selected works on mythology and ideology of Ancient Egypt], pp. 147–309. Moskwa: Izdatel’skaia firma «Vostochnaia literatura’ RAN.
18. Chegodaev, M.A. (2012). Hram: sokhrannost’ sakral’nogo v Drevnem Egipte [The Temple: preservation of sacred in Ancient Egypt], in Iskusstvo Vostoka. Vipusk 4. Sokhrannost’ i sakralnost’[Art of the West. IVth Issue: Preservation and Sacralization]. Moskva: GII.
19. Drevniy Egipet. Skazaniya, pritchi [Ancient Egypt. Tales and Parables]. Moskva: Sovpadenie.
20. Hornung E. Time in the Egyptian netherworld // Cadmo. 2001. № 11. Р. 9-14.
21. Hornung E. (1999). The ancient Egyptian books of afterlife. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press.
22. Budge E.A. (1905). Ancient Egyptian Heaven and Hell. L.: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & co., ltd. Vol. II.
23. Faulkner R.O. (1991). The Concise dictionary of middle Egyptian. Oxford: Griffith Institute.
24. Assman J. (2005). Death and salvation in Ancient Egypt. Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell Univ. Press.
25. Maravelia A. The Thrill of Time through the Ancient Egyptian Religion and Art: Ouroboros as an Archetype for the Meta-Physics of Eternity // Сходознавство. 2018. № 81. P. 3-43.
26. Bochi P.A. Images of Time in Ancient Egyptian Art // Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. 1994. Vol. 31. Р. 55-62.
27. Vanyukova, D.V. (2008). “Voistinu… net cheloveka vcherashnego”. Iskusstvo Egipta I mirovozzrenie egiptyan epohi Srednego tsarstva [“Trully… there is no man of yesterday…”. Art of Egypt and the worldview of Ancient Egyptians in the Middle Kingdom], in Isskusstvoznanie, № 4 [Art History, № 4]. Р. 110-128. Moskva: GII.
28. Wb. II= Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache. Bd. II S. 457.4-458.3.
29. Zaba, Z. (1956). Les maximes de Ptahhotep, Prague: Éditions de l’Académie Tchécoslovaque des Sciences.
30. Parkinson, R. (1999).The Tale of Sinuhe and other Ancient Egyptian poems 1940–1640 BC. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
31. Lichtheim, М. The Songs of the Harpers // Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 1945. № 4.
32. Makeeva, N.V. (2018). A bilo li budushee? [Was there a future?], in Egyptiaca Rossica. Т. VI.
33. Bolshakov A.O. K prirode drevneegipetskih titulov [To the nature of Ancient Egyptian titles], in Peterburgskie egiptologicheskie chteniya [St. Petersburg egyptological readings ]. In print.
34. Gardiner, A. (1909). Admonitions of an Egyptian Sage from a hieratic papyrus in Leiden(Pap. Leiden 344 recto). Leipzig: GEORG OLMS VERLAG.
35. Helck, W. (1995). Die “Admonitions” Pap. Leiden I 344 recto. KÄT 11. Wiesbaden: Harassowitz.
36. Enmarch, R. (2008).A world upturned: commentary on and analysis of The dialogue of Ipuwer and the Lord of All. Oxford, New York: Published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press.
37. Daressy, M.G. (1902). Fouilles de la Vallée des rois 1898–1899. Le Caire: Institut français d’archéologie orientale.
38. Chegodaev, M.A. Varia, in Peterburgskie egiptologicheskie chteniya-2019 [St. Petersburg egyptological readings-2019]. In print.
Review
For citations:
Vanyukova D.V. Ancient Egypt. Time and Gods. Studia Religiosa Rossica: Russian Journal of Religion. 2019;(4):35-50. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.28995/2658-4158-2019-4-35-50
Views:
818
Email this article 